Prepare your pan and oven. Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C). Line a 9×9 inch baking pan with parchment paper, leaving some overhang on the sides for easy removal later.
Make the shortbread crust. In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, sugar, and salt. Add the cold cubed butter and vanilla, then use your fingers or a pastry cutter to work the mixture until it resembles coarse crumbs. The mixture should hold together when pressed.
Press and bake the crust. Firmly press the mixture into the bottom of your prepared pan in an even layer. Bake for 15-18 minutes until the edges are just barely golden. Remove from oven but keep the oven on.
Prepare the lemon filling. While the crust bakes, whisk together eggs, sugar, and flour in a large bowl until smooth. Add the lemon juice and zest, whisking until fully incorporated. The mixture will be quite runny, which is normal.
Assemble the bars. Once the crust is done, gently scatter the blueberries evenly over the hot crust. Carefully pour the lemon mixture over the blueberries. Some berries may float—that’s perfect!
Bake until set. Return the pan to the oven and bake for 22-25 minutes, until the filling is set and no longer jiggly in the center. The top should not brown significantly.
Cool completely. Allow the bars to cool at room temperature for 1 hour, then refrigerate for at least 2 hours (or preferably overnight) to fully set the filling.
Slice and serve. Use the parchment paper overhang to lift the bars out of the pan. Cut into 16 squares with a sharp knife, cleaning the knife between cuts for cleaner edges. Dust with powdered sugar just before serving if desired.