Prepare your workspace and ingredients. Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C) and line baking sheets with parchment paper. Crush candy canes by placing them in a ziplock bag and gently hammering with a rolling pin until you have small pieces.
Mix the dry ingredients thoroughly. In a medium bowl, whisk together the flour, cocoa powder, baking soda, and salt until well combined with no cocoa lumps. Set aside.
Cream butter and sugars until fluffy. In a large bowl using a hand mixer or stand mixer, beat the softened butter with both granulated and brown sugars until light and fluffy, about 2-3 minutes. The mixture should be noticeably lighter in color.
Add eggs and extracts. Beat in the eggs one at a time, ensuring each is fully incorporated before adding the next. Then add the peppermint and vanilla extracts and mix until combined.
Incorporate the dry ingredients carefully. Gradually add the dry ingredient mixture to the wet ingredients, mixing on low speed just until combined. Avoid overmixing, which can make your cookies tough.
Fold in chocolate chips by hand. Using a rubber spatula, gently fold in the chocolate chips until evenly distributed throughout the dough.
Scoop and shape the cookies. Use a cookie scoop or tablespoon to drop rounded balls of dough onto the prepared baking sheets, spacing them about 2 inches apart.
Add the festive topping. Sprinkle the crushed candy canes over each cookie dough ball, gently pressing them into the surface so they stick.
Bake until perfectly set. Bake for 9-11 minutes, until the edges are set but the centers still look slightly soft. The cookies will continue cooking on the hot baking sheet.
Cool properly for the best texture. Allow cookies to cool on the baking sheets for 5 minutes before transferring to a wire rack to cool completely.
Optional: Add white chocolate drizzle. If desired, melt white chocolate chips and drizzle over cooled cookies for an extra festive touch.